Femoral shaft fractures are described based on their location and fracture pattern. Patients will present with leg pain, refusal to ambulate, or a deformity after a fall or other trauma. Physical exam...
Pelvic avulsion fractures occur in children and adolescents because their muscles and tendons are stronger than the area of bone (the secondary ossification centers) where the tendons attach. These fr...
Pediatric foot deformities encompass a range of conditions affecting the bones, tendons, and muscles of the foot. Clubfoot, a prevalent and significant pediatric foot deformity, is discussed in its ow...
Talipes equinovarus, commonly known as “clubfoot,” is a congenital deformity of the foot (Figure 1). The condition is characterized by an exaggerated arch (cavus), a convex curved outer border of the...
Pediatric lower limb deformity is a broad category of conditions that may be idiopathic or associated with an underlying congenital disorder. Clubfoot and other deformities of the feet are among the m...
Legg-Calve-Perthes disease, commonly known as Perthes disease, is a hip disorder affecting children that is caused by decreased blood flow to the head of the femur. This results in osteonecrosis (also...
Developmental dysplasia of the hip (DDH) is a condition characterized by varying degrees of hip instability in a developing hip joint (Figure 1). The condition has a wide spectrum of severity ranging...
Slipped capital femoral epiphysis (SCFE, pronounced “skiffy”) occurs when there is abnormal movement of the femoral metaphysis relative to the epiphysis along the physis (growth plate). Thus, SCFE is...
Supracondylar (distal humeral metaphysis) fractures of the humerus are the most common elbow injury in children. They usually occur in children between 4 and 8 years old after a fall on an outstretche...
The radius and ulna form a ring in the forearm that transmits forces from the wrist to the elbow during a fall. Both bone forearm fractures are typically described based on their location (i.e. middle...
