The glenoid labrum is a fibrocartilaginous rim attached around the margin of the glenoid cavity that serves to deepen the cavity. (The glenoid fossa of the scapula is relatively shallow, contacting at...
Glenohumeral instability is defined as an inability to maintain the humeral head centered in the glenoid fossa. This problem is typically caused by either a traumatic rupture of the capsule and ligame...
Glenohumeral arthritis is defined by shoulder pain and stiffness from damage to the articulation between the humeral head and the glenoid process of the scapula. This arthritis may be idiopathic (oste...
Infections of the spine can occur in several adjacent yet anatomically distinct locations: the vertebral bodies, the intervertebral discs and the epidural space (see Figure 1). Infection of the verteb...
In this section, a selection of notable spinal traumatic conditions will be reviewed: injuries to the upper cervical spine (C1, also known as the atlas and C2, the axis); lower (subaxial) cervical inj...
Injuries to the spine – the vertebral bodies, their surrounding soft tissues, and the spinal cord itself – can cause devastating neurological consequences. Rapid evaluation of any patient with potenti...
Spinal muscular atrophy is a disease of progressive muscle wasting and motor weakness. In spinal muscular atrophy, the alpha motor neurons in the anterior horn of the spinal cord that are responsible...
Spina bifida is a spectrum of congenital malformations in which the neural tube does not close during embryonic development. Spina bifida represents a range of diseases including spina bifida occulta,...
Scheuermann’s kyphosis is a rigid sagittal plane deformity within the thoracic, thoracolumbar, or lumbar spine. The cause of Scheuermann’s kyphosis (often named as “Scheuermann’s disease,” or simply “...
Scoliosis is a rotational deformity of the spine in both the coronal and sagittal planes (Figure 1). A diagnosis of idiopathic scoliosis is made when the coronal plane Cobb angle (see Figure 2 ) is >...
