Scoliosis is defined as a three-dimensional deformity of the spine that includes not only a more noticeable lateral deviation, but also rotation of the vertebrae within the (lateral) curvature. Scolio...
Spondyloarthropathy is a group of seronegative inflammatory rheumatic diseases of the spine. The phrase “seronegative” specifically denotes the absence of rheumatoid factor and antinuclear antibodies...
Spondylolysis and spondylolisthesis are relatively common causes of low back pain, especially in young athletes. Spondylolysis refers to a weakening or other defect in a specific region of the vertebr...
Lumbar spondylosis, or degeneration of the lumbar discs and facet joints, is a common feature of aging. This degeneration often presents without causing symptoms beyond a routine back ache. However, t...
The intervertebral discs in the lumbar spine may fail to remain within the borders defined by the vertebral bodies and in turn compress nerve roots. This process can be caused by trauma, degeneration...
The scapulothoracic joint is the articulation between the scapula and the thorax. It is not a true joint, but rather the broad contact between the inner surface of the scapula and the rib cage. The sc...
A burner or stinger is characterized by brief, unilateral arm pain, paresthesias or weakness after an injury or a specific inciting event. A burner or stinger is caused by a transient brachial plexus...
Both the spinal cord itself and the exiting nerve roots are subject to compression in the cervical spine. Compression neuropathy of the nerve roots is termed radiculopathy; pressure on the cord can pr...
Musculoskeletal tumors are a diverse group of neoplasms that arise from various tissues of the musculoskeletal system, including bone, cartilage, muscle, and connective tissue. These tumors can be ben...
Metastasis is the process by which cancer spreads from its primary site of origin to other places in the body. Tumor cells escape from the primary tumor and travel in the blood stream or lymphatics to...
