Throwing places extremely high stresses on the elbow and thus overuse can damage the articular (cartilage) surfaces. Two characteristic areas are affected in throwing athletes: the olecranon process o...
The olecranon is the most proximal part of the ulna, easily palpated under the skin at the elbow. As a result, the olecranon is vulnerable to fractures, usually from a direct blow after a fall. Fractu...
Fractures of the humerus include those near the shoulder (known as proximal humeral fractures ), shaft fractures, and fractures near the elbow (known as distal humeral fractures ). Although the humeru...
Scapular fractures are rare (incidence: about 10 per 100,000 person-years) and often a consequence of high-energy trauma. These fractures are typically accompanied by other, more serious conditions su...
The proximal humerus comprises four “parts”: the greater tuberosity, the lesser tuberosity, the humeral head and the humeral shaft. Fractures in this area are common, especially among older patients....
A clavicle fracture is a common injury seen after a fall on an outstretched arm or direct impact. A large majority of all clavicle fractures will occur in the middle third of the shaft. Traditionally,...
The biceps and the triceps are the major muscles of the upper arm. Both muscles take origin from the humerus itself but also have an origin on the scapula; both insert on the forearm, namely, the radi...
Adhesive capsulitis, also known as frozen shoulder, is a condition in which inflammation within the capsule of the glenohumeral joint leads to its contracture and, with that, significant loss of motio...
The acromioclavicular (AC) joint is the junction between the clavicle and acromion process of the scapula. Subluxations and dislocations of this joint are colloquially called “shoulder separations” (p...
The rotator cuff comprises four muscles that originate on the scapula and insert on the humerus: the supraspinatus, infraspinatus, teres minor and subscapularis. Although these muscles have distinct e...
