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Frontline Musculoskeletal Medicine

A Comprehensive Open Educational Resource (OER) from Orthogate Press! Musculoskeletal Medicine addresses a topic of great importance. The simplest reason is the large number of people with musculoskeletal conditions. Granted, few people die of bone and joint diseases, yet many people do not enjoy life to the fullest because of them. Thus, for students who went to medical school to help people, mastering musculoskeletal medicine will be an essential task. Explore Musculoskeletal Medicine, a comprehensive online textbook covering the diagnosis, treatment, and management of musculoskeletal conditions. Designed for medical professionals, this resource offers expert insights, evidence-based approaches, and practical guidance for improving patient care.

Frontline Musculoskeletal Medicine

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Category: Musculoskeletal Medicine

The English word anatomy is derived from the Greek anatome, meaning dissection; and for many generations of students, the primary center of anatomy instruction was the dissection laboratory. Dissection will no doubt continue to be part of medical school training, if for no reason beyond tradition: the transformation from college...
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Category: Musculoskeletal Medicine

Shoulder and Arm Bones and Joints The shoulder comprises three bones (the clavicle, scapula, and humerus) and three joints (the glenohumeral, the acromioclavicular [AC], and the scapulothoracic) (Fig. 1). Figure 1 The bones of the shoulder: the clavicle, humerus, and scapula. The clavicle articulates with the scapula at the acromioclavicular...
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Category: Musculoskeletal Medicine

The study of disease is the study of patterns. Making a diagnosis is a process of matching a patient’s presentation to a set of signs, symptoms, and findings that represent a defined biologic process. This matching process allows you to offer interventions and make prognoses on the basis of your...
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Category: Musculoskeletal Medicine

Osteoarthritis is a family of degenerative joint diseases characterized by chronic pain, deformity, and progressive physical and psychological disability. Osteoarthritis without an identified cause is called primary osteoarthritis. Secondary osteoarthritis results from known precipitants such as bone ischemia, trauma, and neuropathy, among others. The common terminal state for all forms...
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Category: Musculoskeletal Medicine

Adult Rheumatoid Arthritis Rheumatoid arthritis (RA) is a chronic inflammatory disease that is probably triggered by an antigen and presents as an inflammatory reaction against the synovium in the joint (Fig. 1 Figure 1 Pathogenesis of RA is complex, involving immune processes lead byT cells, cytokine-driven events (responsible for most...
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Category: Musculoskeletal Medicine

Acute low back pain will affect most adults at least once in their lives, yet nearly all will recover spontaneously, often without a precise diagnosis ever being made. Most back pain is idiopathic, meaning that its exact cause is unknown. Many patients with back pain have abnormalities that appear on...
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Category: Musculoskeletal Medicine

Infections of the bones and joints, although less common than infections in other parts of the body, are nonetheless significant clinical problems. These infections generally fall into three broad categories: (1) infection of the joint (septic arthritis), (2) infection of the bone (osteomyelitis), and (3) soft-tissue or bone infection adjacent...
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Category: Musculoskeletal Medicine

Metabolic bone diseases are those in which abnormal formation or maintenance of bone leads to clinical manifestations such as fracture and deformity. Metabolic bone diseases are characterized by failed skeletal homeostasis. This failure may be caused by an abnormality in mineral homeostasis, such as calcium wasting in kidney disease; however,...
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Category: Musculoskeletal Medicine

Trauma resuscitation begins with securing and maintaining the ABCs: airway, breathing, and circulation. Evaluation of the musculoskeletal system must be deferred to these priorities because when a patient cannot get oxygen into the lungs or cannot circulate oxygenated blood to the brain, ischemic damage occurs within 4 minutes. Muscle and...
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Category: Musculoskeletal Medicine

Bones break when they are subjected to forces greater than their mechanical tolerance. Whether a bone will fracture under a given load depends on both the inherent strength of the bone and the magnitude of the force. The direction of the force and rate at which it is applied are...

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