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Ankle sprains are among the most common musculoskeletal injuries. Patients typically describe an episode where they "roll their ankle" to one side (often inward, a so called "inversion" sprain (Figure 1) and thereby tear the ligaments on the outside (lateral) ankle. This is contrasted with a less common "eversion" sprain where the foot rolls to the outside and the medial (deltoid) ligament is torn. Patients with sprained ankles can have significant pain and swelling. There is usually a limp, but unlike an ankle fracture, a sprained ankle will usually tolerate some weight-bearing but, in severe cases, not for 7 to...
Ankle sprains are among the most common musculoskeletal injuries. Patients typically describe an episode where they "roll their ankle" to one side (often inward, a so called "inversion" sprain (Figure 1) and thereby tear the ligaments on the outside (lateral) ankle. This is contrasted with a less common "eversion" sprain where the foot rolls to the outside and the medial (deltoid) ligament is torn. Patients with sprained ankles can have significant pain and swelling. There is usually a limp, but unlike an ankle fracture, a sprained ankle will usually tolerate some weight-bearing but, in severe cases, not for 7 to...
Scoliosis is defined as a three-dimensional deformity of the spine that includes not only a more noticeable lateral deviation, but also rotation of the vertebrae within the (lateral) curvature. Scoliosis can be further classified by the age of a patient. Early onset scoliosis is defined as scoliosis diagnosed before the age of 10 years old due to any cause (Figure 1). Early onset scoliosis can be categorized by etiology: namely, congenital, syndromic, neuromuscular and idiopathic. The scoliosis might be present without a known cause too; this is termed idiopathic scoliosis. Idiopathic scoliosis is rare in children under the age of...
Scoliosis is defined as a three-dimensional deformity of the spine that includes not only a more noticeable lateral deviation, but also rotation of the vertebrae within the (lateral) curvature. Scoliosis can be further classified by the age of a patient. Early onset scoliosis is defined as scoliosis diagnosed before the age of 10 years old due to any cause (Figure 1). Early onset scoliosis can be categorized by etiology: namely, congenital, syndromic, neuromuscular and idiopathic. The scoliosis might be present without a known cause too; this is termed idiopathic scoliosis. Idiopathic scoliosis is rare in children under the age of...
Carpal Tunnel Syndrome is a compression neuropathy of the median nerve as it passes though the carpal tunnel at the wrist. Patients with Carpal Tunnel Syndrome typically present with numbness and tingling in the thumb, index finger and long fingers, as well as nocturnal wrist or hand pain. Prolonged compression of the median nerve (Figure 1) may also lead to thenar muscle weakness and fine motor difficulty. Carpal Tunnel Syndrome is common and costly: its economic costs in the USA alone are estimated to exceed $2 billion per year, where approximately 500,000 carpal tunnel releases are performed per year.Full Article...
Carpal Tunnel Syndrome is a compression neuropathy of the median nerve as it passes though the carpal tunnel at the wrist. Patients with Carpal Tunnel Syndrome typically present with numbness and tingling in the thumb, index finger and long fingers, as well as nocturnal wrist or hand pain. Prolonged compression of the median nerve (Figure 1) may also lead to thenar muscle weakness and fine motor difficulty. Carpal Tunnel Syndrome is common and costly: its economic costs in the USA alone are estimated to exceed $2 billion per year, where approximately 500,000 carpal tunnel releases are performed per year.Full Article...
Septic arthritis is an infection of the joint space caused by bacteria, fungi, mycobacteria, and viruses. Septic arthritis typically involves large joints such as the knee, hip, and shoulder, though any joint can be affected. The knee is most commonly affected in adults, while the hip is most commonly affected in children. The bacteria responsible for septic arthritis vary by the age of the patient, though Staphylococcus aureus is a common pathogen across all age groups. Septic arthritis can lead to permanent joint damage unless treated expeditiously with joint irrigation and appropriate antibiotic treatment.Full Article - https://www.orthopaedia.com/septic-arthritis-2/
Osteomyelitis is an infection of the bone caused by bacteria, fungi, or mycobacteria. The infection can land in the bone via the bloodstream (hematogenous spread), contiguous spread from adjacent soft tissues, or direct inoculation during trauma, or surgery. The disease process is characterized by the progressive destruction of bone at the center of infection and new appositional bone growth around it. Osteomyelitis is found in both adults and children, though its presentation and prognosis are different in the two groups. Pediatric patients, whose bones have open growth plates, are accordingly more susceptible to infection, but this infection is likewise more...
Lyme disease results from infection of a tick-borne spirochete, Borrelia burgdorferi. It usually presents with a characteristic rash (“erythema migrans”) at the site of the tick bite. Often, symptoms are limited to headache, fever, muscle aches, and joint pain, though some patients may develop cranial nerve palsies, meningitis, or myocarditis/pericarditis. A late manifestation of Lyme disease is arthritis, typically affecting the knee. Lyme disease is named for the town in Connecticut where it was first diagnosed.Full Article - https://www.orthopaedia.com/lyme-disease/
The Female Athlete Triad was initially defined as the constellation of three interrelated clinical entities typically found in active young women: amenorrhea, osteoporosis, and disordered eating. The definition has now been broadened to recognize that each component of the triad exists on a spectrum. Thus, menstrual irregularities (without amenorrhea), low bone mineral density (without full-blown osteoporosis) and deficits of energy availability due to a deficient nutrition (without a formal diagnosis of an eating disorder) may be sufficient to prompt this diagnosis. Notably, the Triad can appear when there is not enough caloric intake to balance caloric expenditure, independent of whether...
