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Wrist Ligament Injuries: Diagnosis, Management

Wrist Ligament Injuries: Diagnosis and Management

Wrist ligament injuries are common, often resulting from falls, sports injuries, or repetitive strain. These injuries can range from minor sprains to complete ligament tears, leading to pain, instability, and impaired wrist function. This article provides a comprehensive overview of the diagnosis and management of wrist ligament injuries, with a focus on two specific conditions: scapholunate dissociation and lunotriquetral instability.

Anatomy and Function

The wrist is a complex joint comprising eight small carpal bones, two long forearm bones (radius and ulna), and an intricate network of ligaments1. Ligaments are strong, fibrous tissues … Read more

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Upper Extremity Nerve Injuries

Common Nerve Injuries of the Upper Extremity: Diagnosis and Repair

Peripheral nerve injuries of the upper extremity are common, often resulting from trauma or compression1. These injuries can cause significant pain, weakness, and functional impairment. To understand these injuries, it’s important to first understand the brachial plexus, a complex network of nerves originating from the spinal cord in the neck. This network extends through the shoulder, arm, and hand, carrying movement and sensory signals2. Injury to any part of this plexus can disrupt these signals, leading to various symptoms and functional deficits. This article will discuss … Read more

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Upper Extremity Nerve Entrapment Syndromes

Peripheral Nerve Entrapment Syndromes in the Upper Extremity: Diagnosis and Management

Peripheral nerve entrapment syndromes are a common cause of upper extremity pain and dysfunction 1. These syndromes occur when peripheral nerves are compressed or irritated. This article explores the diagnosis and management of three such syndromes: cubital tunnel syndrome, radial tunnel syndrome, and pronator syndrome. We will examine conservative and surgical treatment options and discuss the role of electrodiagnostic studies in their diagnosis.

Cubital Tunnel Syndrome

Cubital tunnel syndrome, also known as ulnar neuropathy at the elbow, arises from ulnar nerve compression or irritation as it passes through … Read more

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Trigger finger: diagnosis and treatment

Trigger Finger: Diagnosis and Treatment

Trigger finger, also known as stenosing tenosynovitis, is a common condition affecting the tendons in the fingers and thumb. It causes the affected finger or thumb to get stuck in a bent position, sometimes with a snapping or popping sensation when it is straightened1. When the thumb is involved, the condition is called trigger thumb2. This can be painful and make it difficult to perform everyday tasks1. Trigger finger affects between 1% and 2% of the population3. It is more common in women and people with certain … Read more

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Total Elbow Arthroplasty Review

Total Elbow Arthroplasty: A Comprehensive Review

Total elbow arthroplasty (TEA) is a surgical procedure in which a surgeon replaces damaged portions of the elbow joint with an artificial joint. This procedure is a treatment option for patients with end-stage arthritis of the elbow joint1. When the cartilage in the joint is worn out, it can lead to pain and stiffness in the elbow, which can severely limit function1. TEA is also indicated for acute distal humerus fractures2. This comprehensive review will discuss the indications for TEA, different surgical approaches and implant designs, and analyze … Read more

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Thoracic outlet syndrome diagnosis, management

Thoracic Outlet Syndrome: A Comprehensive Review of Diagnosis and Management

Thoracic outlet syndrome (TOS) is a complex condition involving the compression of nerves, arteries, or veins in the space between the collarbone and first rib, known as the thoracic outlet 1. This compression can lead to a variety of symptoms, including pain, numbness, tingling, and weakness in the neck, shoulder, arm, and hand 1. TOS is classified into three main types: neurogenic (nTOS), venous (vTOS), and arterial (aTOS), depending on the structure compressed 2. nTOS, caused by brachial plexus compression, is the most common type, accounting for … Read more

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Shoulder Instability: Arthroscopic vs. Open Surgery

Shoulder Instability: A Comprehensive Review of Arthroscopic and Open Surgical Techniques

Shoulder instability, often caused by traumatic events or repetitive overhead motions, can significantly impact an individual’s quality of life. When conservative treatments, such as activity modification 1, fail to provide relief, surgical intervention becomes necessary to restore stability and function to the shoulder joint. This article delves into the intricacies of arthroscopic and open surgical techniques employed in addressing shoulder instability, with a particular focus on labral repair and capsular reconstruction.

Understanding Shoulder Instability

The shoulder, characterized by its remarkable range of motion, is inherently susceptible to instability. … Read more

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Shoulder Arthroplasty Implant Selection

Shoulder Arthroplasty Implants: An Analysis of Types, Indications, and Selection Factors

Shoulder arthroplasty, commonly known as shoulder replacement, is a surgical procedure that involves replacing the damaged parts of the shoulder joint with artificial components called implants. This procedure aims to alleviate pain, restore mobility, and improve the overall quality of life for individuals with severe shoulder conditions.

Historically, shoulder arthroplasty has undergone various stages of development, starting with Dr. Jules Emile Péan’s ivory total shoulder in 18931. Since then, significant advancements in materials, designs, and geometries have led to the modern implants used today. This article provides … Read more

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Scaphoid Fracture Diagnosis and Management

Scaphoid Fracture: Diagnosis, Management, and the Importance of Prompt Treatment

Scaphoid fractures are the most common carpal bone fractures, representing 60-70% of all carpal bone fractures and 2-7% of all fractures1. In the United States, the incidence rate is 1.47 per 100,000 person-years2. They typically occur in young, active individuals, with a higher incidence in males1. These fractures are often missed during initial clinical and radiographic examinations, potentially leading to misdiagnosis as a simple wrist sprain1. This misdiagnosis can have significant consequences, as the risk of nonunion is high, ranging from 14% … Read more

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Rotator Cuff Tear Diagnosis & Repair

Rotator Cuff Tears: Diagnosis and Arthroscopic Repair

Rotator cuff tears are a common source of shoulder pain and disability, affecting individuals of all ages, though they are more frequent in those over 40 years of age and those engaging in repetitive overhead activities1. This comprehensive review explores the diagnosis and arthroscopic repair of rotator cuff tears, encompassing various repair techniques and rehabilitation protocols.

Diagnosis of Rotator Cuff Tears

Accurate diagnosis is crucial for the effective management of rotator cuff tears. The diagnostic process typically involves a combination of physical examination and imaging techniques.

Physical Examination

During a physical … Read more

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