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Upper Extremity Nerve Injuries

Common Nerve Injuries of the Upper Extremity: Diagnosis and Repair

Peripheral nerve injuries of the upper extremity are common, often resulting from trauma or compression1. These injuries can cause significant pain, weakness, and functional impairment. To understand these injuries, it’s important to first understand the brachial plexus, a complex network of nerves originating from the spinal cord in the neck. This network extends through the shoulder, arm, and hand, carrying movement and sensory signals2. Injury to any part of this plexus can disrupt these signals, leading to various symptoms and functional deficits. This article will discuss … Read more

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Thoracic outlet syndrome diagnosis, management

Thoracic Outlet Syndrome: A Comprehensive Review of Diagnosis and Management

Thoracic outlet syndrome (TOS) is a complex condition involving the compression of nerves, arteries, or veins in the space between the collarbone and first rib, known as the thoracic outlet 1. This compression can lead to a variety of symptoms, including pain, numbness, tingling, and weakness in the neck, shoulder, arm, and hand 1. TOS is classified into three main types: neurogenic (nTOS), venous (vTOS), and arterial (aTOS), depending on the structure compressed 2. nTOS, caused by brachial plexus compression, is the most common type, accounting for … Read more

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Scaphoid Fracture Diagnosis and Management

Scaphoid Fracture: Diagnosis, Management, and the Importance of Prompt Treatment

Scaphoid fractures are the most common carpal bone fractures, representing 60-70% of all carpal bone fractures and 2-7% of all fractures1. In the United States, the incidence rate is 1.47 per 100,000 person-years2. They typically occur in young, active individuals, with a higher incidence in males1. These fractures are often missed during initial clinical and radiographic examinations, potentially leading to misdiagnosis as a simple wrist sprain1. This misdiagnosis can have significant consequences, as the risk of nonunion is high, ranging from 14% … Read more

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Rotator Cuff Tear Diagnosis & Repair

Rotator Cuff Tears: Diagnosis and Arthroscopic Repair

Rotator cuff tears are a common source of shoulder pain and disability, affecting individuals of all ages, though they are more frequent in those over 40 years of age and those engaging in repetitive overhead activities1. This comprehensive review explores the diagnosis and arthroscopic repair of rotator cuff tears, encompassing various repair techniques and rehabilitation protocols.

Diagnosis of Rotator Cuff Tears

Accurate diagnosis is crucial for the effective management of rotator cuff tears. The diagnostic process typically involves a combination of physical examination and imaging techniques.

Physical Examination

During a physical … Read more

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Hand Infection Diagnosis and Treatment

Common Hand Infections: A Review of Diagnosis and Treatment

Hand infections are a common presentation in both primary care and emergency settings1. Early diagnosis and treatment are essential to prevent serious complications, such as tendon rupture, osteomyelitis, and sepsis. This article reviews the diagnosis and treatment of three common hand infections: paronychia, felon, and flexor tendon sheath infections. It is crucial to recognize these conditions promptly and provide appropriate management to help prevent serious complications and preserve hand function234.

Paronychia

Definition

Paronychia is an infection of the skin surrounding the nail. It can be acute (lasting … Read more

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Distal humerus fracture management

Distal Humerus Fractures: Surgical Management and Post-Operative Rehabilitation

Distal humerus fractures, breaks in the lower end of the upper arm bone (humerus), are a complex injury that can significantly impact elbow joint function. These fractures represent approximately 2% of all fractures and 30% of elbow fractures, with a rising incidence. They are most often caused by falls directly on the elbow, high-energy impacts in younger populations (such as those sustained during motor vehicle collisions), and falls on an outstretched arm with the elbow held tightly to brace against the fall1. This comprehensive review delves into the surgical management … Read more

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De Quervain’s Tenosynovitis: Diagnosis, Treatment

De Quervain’s Tenosynovitis: A Comprehensive Review of Diagnosis and Treatment

De Quervain’s tenosynovitis, with a prevalence of 0.5% in men and 1.3% in women 1, is a common condition characterized by pain and inflammation of the tendons on the thumb side of the wrist. Specifically, it affects the abductor pollicis longus (APL) and the extensor pollicis brevis (EPB) tendons 2. These tendons control thumb movement and are located at the radial styloid process, where they pass through a fibrous tunnel or sheath 2. De Quervain’s tenosynovitis arises when these tendons become constricted within their sheath, leading to … Read more

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Congenital Hand Differences Review

Congenital Hand Differences: A Review of Diagnosis and Treatment

Congenital hand differences encompass a spectrum of limb malformations present at birth. These differences can significantly impact hand function and aesthetics, necessitating comprehensive diagnosis and appropriate treatment strategies 1. This article reviews three common congenital hand differences: polydactyly, syndactyly, and cleft hand, examining their diagnosis, treatment options, potential complications, and long-term outcomes.

Polydactyly

Polydactyly, derived from the Greek words “poly” (many) and “daktylos” (finger), is characterized by the presence of one or more extra fingers or toes. It is one of the most prevalent congenital hand abnormalities, affecting approximately 1 … Read more

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Carpal Tunnel Syndrome: Diagnosis, Treatment

Carpal Tunnel Syndrome: Diagnosis and Treatment

Carpal tunnel syndrome (CTS) is a common condition that affects the hand and wrist. It occurs when the median nerve, which runs from the forearm into the palm of the hand, becomes compressed or squeezed at the wrist1. The median nerve is responsible for providing feeling to the palm side of the thumb, index finger, middle finger, and part of the ring finger. It also controls the muscles around the base of the thumb1. CTS is a progressive condition that can worsen over time without proper care3.

Symptoms

… Read more
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Athletic pubalgia diagnosis and surgery

Athletic Pubalgia (Sports Hernia): Diagnosis and Surgical Treatment

Athletic pubalgia (AP), commonly known as a sports hernia, is a painful soft tissue injury that affects the groin area. While not a true hernia, it involves a strain or tear of the soft tissues (muscles, tendons, or ligaments) in the lower abdomen or groin1. It’s crucial to understand that athletic pubalgia is not a true hernia, but rather an overuse injury where the muscles and tendons are worn down or partially torn3. This condition is particularly prevalent among athletes engaged in sports that involve sudden changes of … Read more

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